CHAPTER ONE
1.1BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Instructional aids are those material or resources used in any understanding of learning experience.
Ikotun (2000) define instructional materials as all information carriers that have educational content. They are used instructional to encourage the achievement of state objectives.
Instructional materials provide the learners or pupils the opportunity to learn through all the five sense. Such as, eyes seeing, nose smelling, hands touching, mouth tasting, ears hearing.
The more the sense are employed during any communication exercise the greater the effectiveness of such communication, the use of instructional material aim at increasing the employment of the sense of any communication or teaching exercise to promote effective understanding of the message that is being communicated.
There is a powerful range of instructional material to the teachers, ranging from models, radio, books display materials, well charts television programmes flannel board, diagrams, chalk board, video tape recorders and so on.
Instructional material can enable the pupils to get the real picture of thing that teacher can ever describe. This makes the learning experience more readily understood to the pupils to work on their own that is to be self-independent
It can be classified into three categories such as audio visual material, reading materials and community resource source.
• Audio visual:- these are aids which can be seen and head e.g film television, video cassettes, video tapes
• Visual:- these are aids which can be seen but not heard e.g picture, diagram, maps and charts.
• Audio:-These are the materials which can be hear but not seen for example, voices from radio, audio tapes.
• Reading Material:- Are those materials that we can read such as magazine, newspapers and text books
• Community Resource:-Are the resources which can be easily get in the town, country, community or in an environment where the school as situated or where the learning take place.
Instructional materials must be portable. They must be appropriate and suitable. The teacher must first identify the objectives he has set for the particular lesson. Since this will determine what materials are to be used and how they should be used before deciding which aids to use.
In any educational setting, teaching and learning go on simultaneously, there are learners in between them and constitutes the most important element in effective learning and teaching, studies have shown that such what we and know are required through all the sense but the most one that can make teaching and learning be effective in class are sight and hearing it also encourages communication and consequently productive teaching and learning devices. These devices are often referred to as learning and instructional materials.
This is a large variety of instructional materials that can be used effectively in learning situation.
Some of them are costly example is language laboratory which others moderate in price and easily affordable as well as useful to the teachers examples Tape recorders, charts, sides, and so on.
Also instructional materials enables the teacher to acquired new ideas and techniques to make teaching more effective and to achieve the desired goals by the teacher, more importantly the teacher should know how to select adequate instructional materials and how are always the best ones.
Historically man made use of certain stone, implement and symbols to guide his day to day activities. The Egyptian picture writing is important, the early man use of symbols and drawing to communication ideas. These drawing and symbols served as audio-visual during the pre-historic era
Fasine(2004) in Knapp and Leonhard(1988) conceived audio visual materials as a wide range of instructional materials designed to provide realistic imaginary and sub-statute experience in order to enrich curriculum experience of mankind’s.
Globes and ancient maps are used for teaching the movement of the sun and they are first formal educations devices. They globes was said to have been made by men who constructed the pyramid of Cheops in the fourth dynasty.
The Abacus is one of the person that make few about ancient computing and teaching devices for nonverbal learning that has persisted in modern time as nearly original form.
The also few the component of book with improvement of result as the overall communication pattern (AECT1977).
The classroom use for instructional media in schools were not fully materialist. The most important commonly used by that time were chalk board and chalks. Ojo(2003) in 1920 marked improvement have been made in the methods of instructional available to be teacher. Many instructional were developed for non-verbal instruction such as charts, teaching machines and other graphic in Nigeria media education because effective and functional after independence.
Fasina(2004) in Ogunmilade(1984) said that Western Nigeria Ministry Of Education opened its audio-visual centers for the schools bread case. And federal adviser of education made an history on the use of instructional materials in Nigeria schools.
Therefore with this development, those were the establishment of various centers in many of the state’s ministries of education. The media centers catered for the application of educational Technology to the teaching and learning process by providing instructional materials seminars and workshops individual’s state. This contributed greatly to effective use of materials in school.
This is a fine instrument for teaching number combination of visual in term of space subject relationship as well as a highly efficient calculating device.
Fasina(2003) in back man(1846) made first museum of education materials in Greek media collection that was supposed to have used for self-education as the training laboratory with it special devices represents significant means for communication non-verbal experience and knowledge to the pupils
The challenge of audio-visual education nowadays involve the use of Television and motion picture which do not only constitute a new and important techniques in their own right but also serve as means of utilizing all other forms of audio-visual instructions.
Motion picture were developed by Back man in the nineteenth century for education by breaking down Barriers, between the classroom and outside world of experience and action. The development of photography modifies technique of book illustration and this leads to the accommodation of photographs in the book. The pictorial technique development have provided greater flexibility of the non-verbal of instructional materials from the western state.
According to the(200) more over between 1979 and 1980 the audio visual section acquired the learnt equipment such as firm projectors, tape recorder, models side, projectors, overhead projectors, educational film and sides.
Finally, it’s certain that instructional materials are very essential in teaching learning process.
In the light of what I have mentioned above, I hope that this study will shed more light on the impact of instructional materials on the teaching and learning situation.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The purpose of this study is to find out the impact of instructional materials on teaching and learning of social study in some selected primary schools. A case study of Ila-Orangun Local Government Ila-Orangun.
In carrying out this research the following question were gives a prides of place in other to group the resources to an effective research works.
• What are the possible impact of instructional materials in teaching and learning of social study
• Does the use of instructional materials have any impact in the school curriculum
• Does the use of instructional material such as audio visual aids widen the opportunity of the pupils
• Does instructional materials such as visual aids widen the opportunity of the pupils
• Does the use of instructional media has any impact on methods of teaching s
• Will the use of different instructional materials encourage development of the positive behavior by introducing pupils to teaching of social study.
1.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The growth of technology in the country makes children from the beginning to learn through the mass media designed for entertainment and dissemination of the information. These media are used for instructional purpose to train the children through the three educational domains in the cognitive, effective and psychomotor domains.
Instructional materials are needed for various and specific purpose in teaching and learning of said study.
• It equip the pupils to live effective in our modern age of science and technology.
• It stimulators the learners interest to learn quickly and creatively for immediate understanding.
• Instructional materials encourages teacher in curriculum designing and development for effective lesson planning from objective determination and evaluations.
• It makes learners to know his ability and learning becomes permanent.
• It makes learning to be real and immediate through instructional media utilization. Also rote learning discouraged by using instructional materials. This implies that the gaps between the oretical study and practical world is bridge
Finally, instructional materials make the learning to be effectively meaningful.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this study will be limited to five schools selected from Ila Local Government. Out of twenty villages and towns that constituted Ila Local Government Area, three villages have primary schools.
Therefore the selected school are community primary school, A.U.D Primary school, Baptist primary school, St. Mathew primary school, aud 1 primary school. All in Ila Local Government.
1.5 LIMITATION OF STUDY
The nature of this topic itself has made it a little difficult, firstly examine the impact of instructional materials is a great task many teacher did respond to questionnaire in way to cover up the area impact there is an extent to which research work could be generalized.
The fact that questionnaires were administered on teacher themselves to examine the impact awakened some censoriousness in them and so respond to the questionnaire mindful of its possible implication.
This has placed another limitation on only concrete generalization. Since, not all, however picked through the choice of the school which were made on district base in Ila Local Government area.
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• What are the impact of instructional materials on the teaching and learning of social studies in primary?
• Does the government or school authority provide adequate instructional aids for social studies in primary school?
• What are the negative impact of instructional aid on the teaching and learning of social studies
• Does the school management keep and maintain the instructional aids properly.
1.7 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms are used in the study and they are defined below.
Instructional Materials:- it includes all form of information caries that can be used to promote and encourage, materials are text-books, workbooks, charts bulletin board, flannel graph and so on.
Mass Media:- the various ways of passing or dissemination to the large number of people example of mass media include radio, television, newspaper and so on.
Reading Materials:- Are those material that are we can read such as magazine, newspaper and textbook.
Community Resources:- Are the resources which are easily get in the town, country and community or in environment where the school is situated or where the learning takes place.
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